The five axis linkage technology of high-speed vertical machining centers is the core support in the manufacturing field. It achieves high-precision machining of complex surfaces through multi axis collaborative motion, solving the problems of cumbersome processes and insufficient accuracy in traditional three-axis equipment for machining irregular parts. A deep understanding of its principles and implementation methods is of great significance for improving the level of manufacturing technology.
The core principle of five axis linkage is to add two rotation axes (usually A, C or B, C axes) on the basis of traditional X, Y, Z three-axis linear motion. Through real-time coordinated motion of the five axes, the tool center always conforms to the workpiece machining surface and maintains the cutting angle. Compared with three-axis machining, this technology breaks through the limitations of spatial motion and can complete the machining of complex workpieces in one go, reducing the number of clamping times and fundamentally reducing the impact of clamping errors on machining accuracy. Its motion coordination relies on the principle of spatial coordinate transformation. By converting the workpiece coordinate system to the machine coordinate system in real time, it ensures accurate matching of the motion parameters of each axis and achieves smooth transition of the tool path.
The key to achieving five axis linkage lies in the collaborative cooperation of the three core systems. Firstly, there is a high-precision transmission system. The rotating shaft is usually driven directly by a torque motor or a precision worm gear transmission, combined with a grating ruler closed-loop detection to ensure the positioning accuracy and dynamic response speed of the rotational motion, meeting the requirements of motion synchronization in high-speed machining. Next is the numerical control system, as the "brain" of five axis linkage, it needs to have powerful coordinate transformation and interpolation computing capabilities. By planning the tool path in advance, it can decompose complex surface machining tasks into continuous motion instructions for each axis, while compensating for motion errors in real time. Finally, in terms of mechanical structure design, the high-speed vertical machining center needs to adopt a high rigidity bed and column structure to reduce vibration deformation during multi axis motion. The connection between the rotating shaft and the linear shaft needs to be precisely tuned to ensure the stability of motion transmission.
In the actual implementation process, it is also necessary to pay attention to the adaptability of the process and equipment. When using CAM software for tool path planning, it is necessary to optimize the motion parameters of the five axis linkage based on the workpiece material and machining requirements to avoid motion interference. At the same time, the equipment is regularly calibrated for accuracy, and the positioning errors of each axis are detected by a laser interferometer and compensated by a numerical control system to ensure long-term machining accuracy stability.
The five axis linkage technology endows high-speed vertical machining centers with powerful complex machining capabilities through multi axis collaboration and precise control. The core of its principle is spatial motion coordination, which relies on the deep integration of transmission, numerical control, and mechanical structure. With the continuous iteration of technology, this technology will play a more important role in the manufacturing field.